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The word appeared in the psychological literature in 1982, when the academic journal Social Problems published an article entitled "Pronoia" by Dr. Fred H. Goldner of Queens College in New York City, in which Goldner described a phenomenon opposite to paranoia and provided numerous examples of specific persons who displayed such characteristics: [1] [2]
OCD is considered to be egodystonic as the thoughts and compulsions experienced or expressed are not consistent with the individual's self-perception, meaning the thoughts are unwanted, distressing, and reflect the opposite of their values, desires, and self-construct. In contrast, obsessive–compulsive personality disorder is egosyntonic, as ...
Symptoms often manifest in difficulties with staring, mind blanking, absent-mindedness, mental confusion and maladaptive mind-wandering alongside delayed, sedentary or slow motor movements. [2] To scientists in the field, it has reached the threshold of evidence and recognition as a distinct syndrome.
Hypermania – severe mania—mental state with high intensity disorientation and often violent behavior, symptomatic of bipolar disorder (hyper- (Greek) meaning abnormal excess) Hypomania – mild mania—mental state with persistent and pervasive elevated or irritable mood, symptomatic of bipolar disorder (hypo- (Greek) meaning deficient)
The opposite of this is termed cognitive flexibility. These mental sets may not always be consciously recognized by the bearer. [12] In the field of psychology, mental sets are typically examined in the process of problem solving, [13] with an emphasis on the process of breaking away from particular mental sets into formulation of insight.
Introversion is "the state of or tendency toward being wholly or predominantly concerned with and interested in one's own mental life." [8] Introverted persons are considered the opposite of extraverts, who seem to thrive in social settings rather than being alone.
Gender dysphoria is discomfort, unhappiness or distress due to the primary and secondary sex characteristics of one's sex observed at birth.The current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-5, uses the term "gender dysphoria" where it previously referred to "gender identity disorder."
The opposite of suffering is pleasure or happiness. Suffering is often categorized as physical [3] or mental. [4] It may come in all degrees of intensity, from mild to intolerable. Factors of duration and frequency of occurrence usually compound that of intensity.