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Omnidirectional radiation patterns are produced by the simplest practical antennas, monopole and dipole antennas, consisting of one or two straight rod conductors on a common axis. Antenna gain (G) is defined as antenna efficiency (e) multiplied by antenna directivity (D) which is expressed mathematically as: =.
The top shows the directive pattern of a horn antenna, the bottom shows the omnidirectional pattern of a simple vertical dipole antenna. In the field of antenna design the term radiation pattern (or antenna pattern or far-field pattern) refers to the directional (angular) dependence of the strength of the radio waves from the antenna or other ...
Antenna arrays may employ any basic (omnidirectional or weakly directional) antenna type, such as dipole, loop or slot antennas. These elements are often identical. Log-periodic and frequency-independent antennas employ self-similarity in order to be operational over a wide range of bandwidths .
Isotropic antennas, which don't actually exist, should not be confused with omnidirectional antennas, which are real and fairly common. An isotropic antenna radiates equal power in all three dimensions, while an omnidirectional antenna radiates equal power in all horizontal directions, but little or none
Antenna directivity is the ratio of maximum radiation intensity (power per unit surface) radiated by the antenna in the maximum direction divided by the intensity radiated by a hypothetical isotropic antenna radiating the same total power as that antenna. For example, a hypothetical antenna which had a radiated pattern of a hemisphere (1/2 ...
Slotted array UHF television broadcasting antenna. As shown by H. G. Booker in 1946, from Babinet's principle in optics a slot in a metal plate or waveguide has the same radiation pattern as a driven rod antenna whose rod is the same shape as the slot, with the exception that the electric field and magnetic field directions are interchanged; the antenna is a magnetic dipole instead of an ...
A reference antenna is an antenna with known performance. It is normally used to calibrate other systems. It is normally used to calibrate other systems. During a relative calibration, an antenna's phase center offset (PCO) and phase center variations (PCV) are computed with respect to the reference antenna which is normally assigned zero PCV ...
A common subtype is the bowtie antenna, essentially a flattened version of the biconical design which is often used for short-range UHF television reception. These are also sometimes referred to as butterfly antennas. [2] Sir Arthur Lodge is the inventor of the biconical antenna. [3] [4] Omnidirectional biconical antenna