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  2. Metallicity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallicity

    In astronomy, metallicity is the abundance of elements present in an object that are heavier than hydrogen and helium. Most of the normal currently detectable (i.e. non-dark) matter in the universe is either hydrogen or helium, and astronomers use the word "metals" as convenient shorthand for "all elements except hydrogen and helium".

  3. Dust astronomy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_astronomy

    The heat from solar illumination has to reach the lower lying ices and the cohesive dust mantle has to be broken. This process has been observed in lab simulations. [102] Large outbursts of gas and dust caused by landslides [103] and even explosions [104] have been observed by Rosetta during its rendezvous with 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. [105]

  4. Sudbury Neutrino Observatory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudbury_Neutrino_Observatory

    The heavy water was viewed by approximately 9,600 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) mounted on a geodesic sphere at a radius of about 850 centimetres (28 ft). The cavity housing the detector was the largest in the world at such a depth, [ 6 ] requiring a variety of high-performance rock bolting techniques to prevent rock bursts.

  5. Cavendish experiment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavendish_experiment

    Cavendish's result provided additional evidence for a planetary core made of metal, an idea first proposed by Charles Hutton based on his analysis of the 1774 Schiehallion experiment. [18] Cavendish's result of 5.4 g·cm −3 , 23% bigger than Hutton's, is close to 80% of the density of liquid iron , and 80% higher than the density of the Earth ...

  6. Standard solar model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_solar_model

    As a result, the Solar photosphere now contains about 87% as much helium and heavy elements as the protostellar photosphere had; the protostellar Solar photosphere was 71.1% hydrogen, 27.4% helium, and 1.5% metals. [2] A measure of heavy-element settling by diffusion is required for a more accurate model.

  7. Theoretical astronomy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_astronomy

    Theoretical astronomy is the use of analytical and computational models based on principles from physics and chemistry to describe and explain astronomical objects and astronomical phenomena. Theorists in astronomy endeavor to create theoretical models and from the results predict observational consequences of those models.

  8. Astrochemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrochemistry

    The discovery of interstellar formaldehyde – and later, other molecules with potential biological significance, such as water or carbon monoxide – is seen by some as strong supporting evidence for abiogenetic theories of life: specifically, theories which hold that the basic molecular components of life came from extraterrestrial sources.

  9. Atomic and molecular astrophysics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_and_molecular...

    At these high frequencies, molecules in the Earth's atmosphere can block transmissions from space, and telescopes must be located in dry (water is an important atmospheric blocker), high sites. Radio telescopes must have very accurate surfaces to produce high fidelity images.