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Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid. The five levels of the hierarchy are physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.
Self-actualize is the final stage of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, so not every human being reaches it. To Maslow, self-actualization meant the desire for self-fulfillment, or a person’s tendency to be actualized in what he or she is potentially.
Erikson’s theory outlines 8 stages of psychosocial development from infancy to late adulthood. At each stage, individuals face a conflict between two opposing states that shapes personality. Successfully resolving the conflicts leads to virtues like hope, will, purpose, and integrity.
Self-determination is a macro theory of human motivation and personality. It is a theory that deals with two huge factors: people’s inherent growth tendencies and the innate psychological needs of these same individuals.
The approach recognizes both the influence of nature and nurture, nurture- the influence of experiences on a person’s ways of perceiving and understanding the world, nature- influence of biological drives and needs (Maslow’s hierarchy of needs).
Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory proposes that two sets of factors influence job satisfaction: hygiene factors and motivators. Hygiene factors, like salary and working conditions, don't motivate but can cause dissatisfaction if inadequate.
Once these have been achieved, the theory states that humans then strive to reach the self-fulfillment needs of self-actualization. Maslow’s theory of motivation thus expands on drive-reduction theory to explain why humans are motivated past their basic needs.
In Harlow's experiment, baby monkeys preferred a soft, cloth "mother" over a wire one, even when the wire "mother" provided food. This demonstrated the importance of comfort and affection in attachment, beyond just basic needs like nourishment.
The Pavlovian response, also known as a conditioned response, refers to a learned, automatic, and involuntary response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus through classical conditioning. It is a key concept in Pavlov’s experiments, where dogs learned to salivate in response to a bell.
Psychological needs can also initiate motivation, such as the need for achievement or the need for affiliation, or the need for self-actualization. Motivation is the driving force(s) responsible for the initiation, persistence, direction, and strength of goal-directed behavior.