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Toggle Ancient China subsection. 2.1 Xia dynasty (c. 2070 – c. 1600 BC) ... Opium usage continued to grow in China, adversely affecting societal stability.
The Five Grains or Cereals (traditional Chinese: 五穀; simplified Chinese: 五谷; pinyin: Wǔ Gǔ) are a set of five farmed crops that were important in ancient China. In modern Chinese wǔgǔ refers to rice, wheat, foxtail millet, proso millet and soybeans. [1] [2] It is also used as term for all grain crops in general. [3]
While most years China's agricultural production is sufficient to feed the country, in down years, China has to import grain. Due to the shortage of available farm land and an abundance of labor, it might make more sense to import land-extensive crops (such as wheat and rice) and to save China's scarce cropland for high-value export products ...
Government manufacturing industries were privatised. The emergence of rural and urban markets, where production was geared towards consumption, was a key development in this era. China's growing wealth in this era lead to the loss of martial vigour; the era involved two periods of native rule, each followed by periods of alien rule.
China also exported animal products, such as hog bristles, fur, and other animal products. Agricultural trade remained an important component of China's general agricultural modernization effort. China continued to import grain and other agricultural products. These imports were used to maintain or improve living standards, especially in urban ...
This sub-section is about paper making; for the writing material first used in ancient Egypt, see papyrus.. Paper: Although it is recorded that the Han dynasty (202 BC – AD 220) court eunuch Cai Lun (50 AD – AD 121) invented the pulp papermaking process and established the use of new materials used in making paper, ancient padding and wrapping paper artifacts dating from the 2nd century BC ...
The Population of Modern China (1992) excerpt; also another excerpt; Pritchard, Earl H. “Thoughts on the Historical Development of the Population of China.” Journal of Asian Studies 23#1 (1963), pp. 3–20 online, discussion of technical issues; Schinz, Alfred. The Magic Square: Cities in Ancient China(Fellbach: Edition Axel Menges, 1996).
The main trade route leading into Han China passed first through Kashgar, yet Hellenized Bactria further west was the central node of international trade. [140] By the 1st century AD, Bactria and much of Central Asia and North India were controlled by the Kushan Empire. [141] Silk was the main export item from China to India.