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King at peace, with attendants, from the Standard of Ur. King at war, with soldiers, from the Standard of Ur. According to the Sumerian King List, the final ruler of the First Dynasty of Uruk Lugal-kitun was overthrown by Mesannepada of Ur. There were then four kings in the First Dynasty of Ur: Mesannepada, Mes-kiagnuna, Elulu, and Balulu. [3]
The city dates from the Ubaid period c. 3800 BC, and is recorded in written history as a city-state from the 26th century BC, its first recorded king being King Tuttues. The city's patron deity was Nanna (in Akkadian , Sin ), the Sumerian and Akkadian moon god , and the name of the city is in origin derived from the god's name, UNUG KI ...
The Sumerian King List (abbreviated SKL) or Chronicle of the One Monarchy is an ancient literary composition written in Sumerian that was likely created and redacted to legitimize the claims to power of various city-states and kingdoms in southern Mesopotamia during the late third and early second millennium BC.
The Third Dynasty of Ur was the last Sumerian dynasty which came to preeminent power in Mesopotamia. It began after several centuries of control, exerted first by the Akkadian Empire, and then, after its fall, by Gutian and independent Sumerian city-state kings.
A later Sumerian literary composition known variously as "The Coronation of Ur-Nammu" and "Ur-Namma D" lists canals built by Ur-Nammu. [14] It is known in three Old Babylonian Period recensions, from Nippur, Ur, and of an unknown provenance.
On his inscriptions, he took the titles "King of Ur", "King of Sumer and Akkad", adding "King of the four corners of the universe" in the second half of his reign. [5] He used the symbol for divinity ( π ) before his name, marking his apotheosis , from at least the 21st year of his reign and was worshipped in the Ekhursag palace he built. [ 6 ]
A Sumerian relief of Ur-Nanshe, king of Lagash circa 2500 BCE. This dynasty is dated to the 26th century BC, about the same time as Elam is also mentioned clearly. [22] According to the Sumerian king list, Elam, Sumer's neighbor to the east, held the kingship in Sumer for a brief period, based in the city of Awan.
Ibbi-Sin (Sumerian: ππΏππππͺ, D i-biβ-D suen), son of Shu-Sin, was king of Sumer and Akkad and last king of the Ur III dynasty, and reigned c. 2028–2004 BC (Middle chronology). During his reign, the Sumerian empire was attacked repeatedly by Amorites.