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The two adrenal glands produce hormones (steroid hormones and catecholamines) that help regulate blood pressure, blood sugar level, metabolism, immune system, stress and other essential functions. If one adrenal gland is removed, the other adrenal gland will take over the hormone-producing role. If both adrenal glands are removed, the patient ...
Addison's disease arises when the adrenal gland does not produce sufficient amounts of the steroid hormones cortisol and (sometimes) aldosterone. [1] It is an autoimmune disease which affects some genetically predisposed people in whom the body's own immune system has started to target the adrenal glands. [7]
Adrenal insufficiency can also result when a patient has a brain mass in the pituitary gland (e.g. pituitary adenoma, craniopharyngioma) which can take up space and interfere with the secretion of pituitary hormones such as ACTH, therefore leading to decreased adrenal stimulation (secondary adrenal insufficiency). [2]
Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome (WFS) is defined as adrenal gland failure due to bleeding into the adrenal glands, commonly caused by severe bacterial infection. Typically, it is caused by Neisseria meningitidis. [1] The bacterial infection leads to massive bleeding into one or (usually) both adrenal glands. [2]
Endocrine surgery is a surgical sub-speciality focusing on surgery of the endocrine glands, including the thyroid gland, the parathyroid glands, the adrenal glands, glands of the endocrine pancreas, and some neuroendocrine glands.
With prolonged suppression, the adrenal glands atrophy (physically shrink), and can take months to recover full function after discontinuation of the exogenous glucocorticoid. During this recovery time, the patient is vulnerable to adrenal insufficiency during times of stress, such as illness. While suppressive dose and time for adrenal ...