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  2. Chemical impurity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_impurity

    Firstly, a pure chemical should appear in at least one chemical phase and can also be characterized by its phase diagram. Secondly, a pure chemical should prove to be homogeneous (i.e., a uniform substance that has the same composition throughout the material [2]). The perfect pure chemical will pass all attempts to separate and purify it further.

  3. Liquidus and solidus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidus_and_solidus

    For pure elements or compounds, e.g. pure copper, pure water, etc. the liquidus and solidus are at the same temperature, and the term melting point may be used. There are also some mixtures which melt at a particular temperature, known as congruent melting. One example is eutectic mixture. In a eutectic system, there is particular mixing ratio ...

  4. Molecular graph - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_graph

    A chemical graph is a labeled graph whose vertices correspond to the atoms of the compound and edges correspond to chemical bonds. Its vertices are labeled with the kinds of the corresponding atoms and edges are labeled with the types of bonds. [1] For particular purposes any of the labelings may be ignored. A hydrogen-depleted molecular graph ...

  5. Material - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material

    A material is a substance or mixture of substances that constitutes an object.Materials can be pure or impure, living or non-living matter. Materials can be classified on the basis of their physical and chemical properties, or on their geological origin or biological function.

  6. Crystal structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structure

    The unit cell is defined as the smallest repeating unit having the full symmetry of the crystal structure. [2] The geometry of the unit cell is defined as a parallelepiped , providing six lattice parameters taken as the lengths of the cell edges ( a , b , c ) and the angles between them (α, β, γ).

  7. Boron - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron

    The substance can be seen with empirical formula B 12 C 3 (i.e., with B 12 dodecahedra being a motif), but with less carbon, as the suggested C 3 units are replaced with C-B-C chains, and some smaller (B 6) octahedra are present as well (see the boron carbide article for structural analysis). The repeating polymer plus semi-crystalline ...

  8. Oxidation state - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation_state

    A bond graph in solid-state chemistry is a chemical formula of an extended structure, in which direct bonding connectivities are shown. An example is the AuORb 3 perovskite, the unit cell of which is drawn on the left and the bond graph (with added numerical values) on the right:

  9. Naphthalene - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthalene

    In 1821, John Kidd cited these two disclosures and then described many of this substance's properties and the means of its production. He proposed the name naphthaline , as it had been derived from a kind of naphtha (a broad term encompassing any volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixture, including coal tar). [ 16 ]