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Language designs that decouple inheritance from subtyping (interface inheritance) appeared as early as 1990; [21] a modern example of this is the Go programming language. Complex inheritance, or inheritance used within an insufficiently mature design, may lead to the yo-yo problem. When inheritance was used as a primary approach to structure ...
In software development, the yo-yo problem is an anti-pattern that occurs when a programmer has to read and understand a program whose inheritance graph is so long and complicated that the programmer has to keep flipping between many different class definitions in order to follow the control flow of the program.
The name open–closed principle has been used in two ways. Both ways use generalizations (for instance, inheritance or delegate functions) to resolve the apparent dilemma, but the goals, techniques, and results are different. The open–closed principle is one of the five SOLID principles of object-oriented design.
They claim that inheritance often breaks encapsulation, given that inheritance exposes a subclass to the details of its parent's implementation. [11] As described by the yo-yo problem, overuse of inheritance and therefore encapsulation, can become too complicated and hard to debug.
Composition over inheritance (or composite reuse principle) in object-oriented programming (OOP) is the principle that classes should favor polymorphic behavior and code reuse by their composition (by containing instances of other classes that implement the desired functionality) over inheritance from a base or parent class. [2]
Can all-pairs shortest paths be computed in strongly sub-cubic time, that is, in time O(V 3−ϵ) for some ϵ>0? Can the Schwartz–Zippel lemma for polynomial identity testing be derandomized? Does linear programming admit a strongly polynomial-time algorithm? (This is problem #9 in Smale's list of problems.)
The doctrine of composition over inheritance advocates implementing has-a relationships using composition instead of inheritance. For example, instead of inheriting from class Person, class Employee could give each Employee object an internal Person object, which it then has the opportunity to hide from external code even if class Person has ...
Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software (1994) is a software engineering book describing software design patterns.The book was written by Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, and John Vlissides, with a foreword by Grady Booch.