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A microcode program that is executed by the processor during the microcode update process. [1] This microcode is able to reconfigure and enable or disable components using a special register, and it must update the breakpoint match registers. [1] Up to sixty patched micro-operations to be populated into the SRAM. [1] Padding consisting of ...
Whereas a custom logic system might have a series of diodes and gates that output a series of voltages on various control lines, the microcode engine is connected to these lines instead, and these are turned on and off as the engine reads the microcode instructions in sequence. The microcode instructions are often bit encoded to those lines ...
Transactional Synchronization Extensions (TSX), also called Transactional Synchronization Extensions New Instructions (TSX-NI), is an extension to the x86 instruction set architecture (ISA) that adds hardware transactional memory support, speeding up execution of multi-threaded software through lock elision.
Intel promised microcode updates to resolve the vulnerability. [1] The microcode patches have been shown to significantly reduce the performance of some heavily-vectorized loads. [7] Patches to mitigate the effects of the vulnerability have also been created as part of the forthcoming version 6.5 release of the Linux kernel. [8]
These were the first chips to roll out, in Q3/Q4 2014. At Computex 2014, Intel announced that these chips would be branded as Core M. [10] TSX instructions are disabled in this series of processors because a bug that cannot be fixed with a microcode update exists. [11]
In response to the research, Intel released microcode updates to mitigate the issue. The updated microcode ensures that off-core accesses are delayed until sensitive operations – specifically the RDRAND, RDSEED, and EGETKEY instructions – are completed and the staging buffer has been overwritten. [21]
Intel reported that they are preparing new patches to mitigate these flaws. [24] On August 14, 2018, Intel disclosed three additional chip flaws referred to as L1 Terminal Fault (L1TF). They reported that previously released microcode updates, along with new, pre-release microcode updates can be used to mitigate these flaws. [25] [26]
Below is the full 8086/8088 instruction set of Intel (81 instructions total). [2] These instructions are also available in 32-bit mode, in which they operate on 32-bit registers ( eax , ebx , etc.) and values instead of their 16-bit ( ax , bx , etc.) counterparts.