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In the social sciences an open system is a process that exchanges material, energy, people, capital and information with its environment. French/Greek philosopher Kostas Axelos argued that seeing the "world system" as inherently open (though unified) would solve many of the problems in the social sciences, including that of praxis (the relation of knowledge to practice), so that various social ...
Open society (French: société ouverte) is a term coined by French philosopher Henri Bergson in 1932, [1] [2] and describes a dynamic system inclined to moral universalism. [3] Bergson contrasted an open society with what he called a closed society , a closed system of law, morality or religion.
Ecological systems theory, a theory in developmental psychology; Social network analysis, the analysis of social structures using network and graph theory; Structural functionalism, a theoretical framework for constructing theories that views society as an intricate system where its components collaborate to foster unity and stability.
Ludwig Bertalanffy describes two types of systems: open system and closed system. The open systems are systems that allow interactions between its internal elements and the environment. An open system is defined as a "system in exchange of matter with its environment, presenting import and export, building-up and breaking-down of its material ...
Parsons organized social systems in terms of action units, where one action executed by an individual is one unit. He defines a social system as a network of interactions between actors. [4] According to Parsons, social systems rely on a system of language, and culture must exist in a society in order for it to qualify as a social system. [4]
Systems theory is manifest in the work of practitioners in many disciplines, for example the works of physician Alexander Bogdanov, biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy, linguist Béla H. Bánáthy, and sociologist Talcott Parsons; in the study of ecological systems by Howard T. Odum, Eugene Odum; in Fritjof Capra's study of organizational theory; in the study of management by Peter Senge; in ...
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Open system, in management science a system that is capable of self-maintenance on the basis of throughput of resources from the environment; Open system of learning, where information is sourced from multiple sources; Open government, system; Open-system environment reference model, one of the first reference models for enterprise architecture