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The octet rule is a chemical rule of thumb that reflects the theory that main-group elements tend to bond in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same electronic configuration as a noble gas. Learn about the origin, explanation, exceptions, and applications of the octet rule with examples and diagrams.
Learn how to assign a number of valence electrons to individual atoms in a molecule using neutral or ionic counting methods. See examples, rules, and special cases for different types of compounds and ligands.
Learn how to draw Lewis structures, also called Lewis dot formulas, to show the bonding and lone pairs of electrons in molecules and ions. Find methods, examples, exceptions, and a table for calculating bonds and lone pairs.
The octet rule is an expectation that the electrons in a Lewis structure can be arranged to give every p-block atom 8 e- in bonds & lone pairs. This is impossible in the Lewis structure of NO. Dmitri Goussev (Dmitry G. Gusev), Professor of Chemistry, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, CANADA ...
On the other hand, some compounds that are normally written with ionic bonds in order to conform to the octet rule, such as ozone O 3, nitrous oxide NNO, and trimethylamine N-oxide (CH 3) 3 NO, are found to be genuinely hypervalent. Examples of γ calculations for phosphate PO 3− 4 (γ(P) = 2.6, non-hypervalent) and orthonitrate NO 3−
Resonance is a way of describing bonding in certain molecules or ions by combining several contributing structures into a resonance hybrid. It is an extension of the Lewis structure concept and involves electron delocalization, which lowers the potential energy of the system.
Octet rule Tetraoxygen Thermodynamic activity Named photon Explained phosphorescence: Awards: Fellow of the Royal Society [1] William H. Nichols Medal (1921) Willard Gibbs Award (1924) Davy Medal (1929) Scientific career: Fields: Physical chemist: Thesis: A general equation for free energy and physico-chemical equilibrium, and its application ...
The octet rule and VSEPR theory are examples. More sophisticated theories are valence bond theory, which includes orbital hybridization [5] and resonance, [6] and molecular orbital theory [7] which includes the linear combination of atomic orbitals and ligand field theory.