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The California Job Case was a compartmentalized box for printing in the 19th century, sizes corresponding to the commonality of letters. The frequency of letters in text has been studied for use in cryptanalysis, and frequency analysis in particular, dating back to the Arab mathematician al-Kindi (c. AD 801–873 ), who formally developed the method (the ciphers breakable by this technique go ...
In the case of English-French lexical similarity, at least two other studies [7] [8] estimate the number of English words directly inherited from French at 28.3% and 41% respectively, with respectively 28.24% and 15% of other English words derived from Latin, putting English-French lexical similarity at around 0.56, with reciprocally lower ...
The number of non-English web pages is rapidly expanding. The use of English online increased by around 281 percent from 2001 to 2011, a lower rate of growth than that of Spanish (743 percent), Chinese (1,277 percent), Russian (1,826 percent) or Arabic (2,501 percent) over the same period.
The same relation is found for personal incomes (where it is called Pareto principle [14]), number of people watching the same TV channel, [15] notes in music, [16] cells transcriptomes, [17] [18] and more. In 1992 bioinformatician Wentian Li published a short paper [19] showing that Zipf's law emerges even in randomly generated texts. It ...
[84] [85] [86] The shortened form of the word, "flu", is first attested in 1839 as flue with the spelling flu confirmed in 1893. [87] Other names that have been used for influenza include epidemic catarrh, la grippe from French, sweating sickness, and, especially when referring to the 1918 pandemic strain, Spanish fever. [88]
For any particular generator, there is an 80% chance that wind output will change less than 10% in an hour and a 40% chance that it will change 10% or more in 5 hours. [ 77 ] In summer 2021, wind power in the United Kingdom fell due to the lowest winds in seventy years, [ 78 ] In the future, smoothing peaks by producing green hydrogen may help ...
Nodulation typically continues for 8 weeks before the symbiotic infection process stabilizes. [8] The final characteristics of a soybean plant are variable, with factors such as genetics, soil quality , and climate affecting its form; however, fully mature soybean plants are generally between 50 and 125 cm (20 and 50 in) in height [ 9 ] and ...
[1] [4] FITs typically offer a guaranteed purchase agreement for long periods (15–25 years) and give incentives to producers to maximize output and efficiency. [ 1 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] In 2008, a detailed analysis by the European Commission concluded that "well-adapted feed-in tariff regimes are generally the most efficient and effective support ...