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Vincenty's formulae are two related iterative methods used in geodesy to calculate the distance between two points on the surface of a spheroid, developed by Thaddeus Vincenty (1975a). They are based on the assumption that the figure of the Earth is an oblate spheroid, and hence are more accurate than methods that assume a spherical Earth, such ...
Great Circle Map Interactive tool for plotting great circle routes on a sphere. Great Circle Mapper Interactive tool for plotting great circle routes. Great Circle Calculator deriving (initial) course and distance between two points. Great Circle Distance Graphical tool for drawing great circles over maps. Also shows distance and azimuth in a ...
Calculating the distance between geographical coordinates is based on some level of abstraction; it does not provide an exact distance, which is unattainable if one attempted to account for every irregularity in the surface of the Earth. [1] Common abstractions for the surface between two geographic points are: Flat surface; Spherical surface;
The azimuth is the angle formed between a reference direction (in this example north) and a line from the observer to a point of interest projected on the same plane as the reference direction orthogonal to the zenith. An azimuth (/ ˈ æ z ə m ə θ / ⓘ; from Arabic: اَلسُّمُوت, romanized: as-sumūt, lit.
This involves resolving a spherical triangle. Given the three magnitudes: local hour angle (LHA), observed body's declination (dec), and assumed latitude (lat), the altitude Hc and azimuth Zn must be computed. The local hour angle, LHA, is the difference between the AP longitude and the hour angle of the observed object. It is always measured ...
where the comma indicates a partial derivative with respect to the coordinates: g a b , c = ∂ g a b ∂ x c {\displaystyle g_{ab,c}={\frac {\partial {g_{ab}}}{\partial {x^{c}}}}} As the manifold has dimension n {\displaystyle n} , the geodesic equations are a system of n {\displaystyle n} ordinary differential equations for the n ...
Position resection and intersection are methods for determining an unknown geographic position (position finding) by measuring angles with respect to known positions.In resection, the one point with unknown coordinates is occupied and sightings are taken to the known points; in intersection, the two points with known coordinates are occupied and sightings are taken to the unknown point.
Geodetic latitude and geocentric latitude have different definitions. Geodetic latitude is defined as the angle between the equatorial plane and the surface normal at a point on the ellipsoid, whereas geocentric latitude is defined as the angle between the equatorial plane and a radial line connecting the centre of the ellipsoid to a point on the surface (see figure).