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The C–C bond lengths are greater than a double bond (135 pm) but shorter than a single bond (147 pm). This intermediate distance is caused by electron delocalization : the electrons for C=C bonding are distributed equally between each of the six carbon atoms.
Comparison of bond lengths in simple hydrocarbons [5] Molecule Ethane: Ethylene: Acetylene: Formula C 2 H 6: C 2 H 4: C 2 H 2: Class alkane: alkene: alkyne: Structure Hybridisation of carbon sp 3: sp 2: sp C-C bond length 153.5 pm: 133.9 pm: 120.3 pm: Proportion of C-C single bond 100% 87% 78% Structure determination method microwave ...
Shorter than average C–C bond distances are also possible: alkenes and alkynes have bond lengths of respectively 133 and 120 pm due to increased s-character of the sigma bond. In benzene all bonds have the same length: 139 pm. Carbon–carbon single bonds increased s-character is also notable in the central bond of diacetylene (137 pm) and ...
Bond energy? Bond length: 1.39 Å C-C [1] Molecular geometry: 120 °C–C–C 120° H–C–C Magnetic susceptibility? Surface tension: ... log of Benzene vapor pressure.
The average length of a C–C single bond is 154 pm; that of a C=C double bond is 133 pm. In localized cyclohexatriene, the carbon–carbon bonds should be alternating 154 and 133 pm. Instead, all carbon–carbon bonds in benzene are found to be about 139 pm, a bond length intermediate between single and double bond.
A C=C bond is shorter than a C−C bond, but benzene is perfectly hexagonal—all six carbon-carbon bonds have the same length, intermediate between that of a single and that of a double bond. A better representation is that of the circular π bond (Armstrong's inner cycle ), in which the electron density is evenly distributed through a π-bond ...
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In special (and rare) cases, isolated phenyl groups are detected: the phenyl anion (C 6 H − 5), the phenyl cation (C 6 H + 5), and the phenyl radical (C 6 H • 5). Although Ph and phenyl uniquely denote C 6 H 5 −, substituted derivatives also are described using the phenyl terminology. For example, C 6 H 4 NO 2 − is nitrophenyl, and C 6 ...