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For example, a typical step-index fiber with a 50 μm core would be limited to approximately 20 MHz for a one kilometer length, in other words, a bandwidth of 20 MHz·km. Modal dispersion may be considerably reduced, but never completely eliminated, by the use of a core having a graded refractive index profile. However, multimode graded-index ...
Polarization mode dispersion (PMD) is a form of modal dispersion where two different polarizations of light in a waveguide, which normally travel at the same speed, travel at different speeds due to random imperfections and asymmetries, causing random spreading of optical pulses. Unless it is compensated, which is difficult, this ultimately ...
Most of the structure in the n(λ) and k(λ) spectra occurs in the deep UV wavelength range and thus to properly characterize a film of this nature, it is necessary that the measured reflectance data in the deep UV range is accurate. The figure shows a measurement example of a photoresist (polymer) material used for 248 nm micro-lithography.
The closer this value is to 1.0, the better the data fit to a hyperplane representing the relationship between the response variable and a set of covariate variables. A value equal to 1.0 indicates all data fit perfectly within the hyperplane. λ: Gas mean free path (cm) D 50: Mass-median-diameter (MMD). The log-normal distribution mass median ...
[1] is a parameter found during the fit of data to the Weibull distribution and represents an input value for which ~67% of the data is encompassed. As m increases, the CDF distribution more closely resembles a step function at x 0 {\displaystyle x_{0}} , which correlates with a sharper peak in the probability density function (PDF) defined by:
In fiber-optic communication, an intramodal dispersion, is a category of dispersion that occurs within a single mode optical fiber. [1] This dispersion mechanism is a result of material properties of optical fiber and applies to both single-mode and multi-mode fibers. Two distinct types of intramodal dispersion are: chromatic dispersion and ...
Modal analysis is the study of the dynamic properties of systems in the frequency domain. It consists of mechanically exciting a studied component in such a way to target the modeshapes of the structure, and recording the vibration data with a network of sensors.
A modacrylic is a synthetic copolymer.Modacrylics are soft, strong, resilient and dimensionally stable. They can be easily dyed, show good press and shape retention, and are quick to dry.