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  2. Subgrade - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgrade

    Layers in the construction of a mortarless pavement: A.) Subgrade B.) Subbase C.) Base course D.) Paver base E.) Pavers F.) Fine-grained sand Section through railway track and foundation showing the sub-grade. In transport engineering, subgrade is the native material underneath a constructed road, [1] pavement or railway track (US: railroad track).

  3. Subbase (pavement) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subbase_(pavement)

    Layers in the construction of a mortarless pavement: A.) Subgrade B.) Subbase C.) Base course D.) Paver base E.) Pavers F.) Fine-grained sand. In highway engineering, subbase is the layer of aggregate material laid on the subgrade, on which the base course layer is located. It may be omitted when there will be only foot traffic on the pavement ...

  4. Grading (earthworks) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading_(earthworks)

    Section through railway track and foundation showing the sub-grade. Grading in civil engineering and landscape architectural construction is the work of ensuring a level base, or one with a specified slope, [1] for a construction work such as a foundation, the base course for a road or a railway, or landscape and garden improvements, or surface drainage.

  5. Base course - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_course

    The base course or basecourse in pavements is a layer of material in an asphalt roadway, race track, riding arena, or sporting field. It is located under the surface layer consisting of the wearing course and sometimes an extra binder course. If there is a sub-base course, the base course is constructed directly above this layer.

  6. Pavement engineering - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavement_engineering

    Pavement engineering is a branch of civil engineering that uses engineering techniques to design and maintain flexible and rigid pavements.This includes streets and highways and involves knowledge of soils, hydraulics, and material properties.

  7. Road surface - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_surface

    Any steel reinforcing is removed, and the ground pavement is compacted to form the base and/or sub-base layers for new asphalt pavement. [35] Ground pavement may also be compacted for use on gravel roads. [34] Cold in-place recycling: Bituminous pavement is ground or milled into small particles. The asphalt millings are blended with asphalt ...

  8. Construction estimating software - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_estimating...

    A handwritten spreadsheet. A basic estimating spreadsheet. Cost estimators used columnar sheets of paper to organize the take-off and the estimate itself into rows of items and columns containing the description, quantity and the pricing components. Some of these were similar to accounting ledger paper.

  9. California bearing ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_bearing_ratio

    The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) is a measure of the strength of the subgrade of a road or other paved area, and of the materials used in its construction.. The ratio is measured using a standardized penetration test first developed by the California Division of Highways for highway engineering. [1]