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General deterrence is the intention to deter the general public from committing crime by punishing those who do offend. When an offender is punished by, for example, being sent to prison, a clear message is sent to the rest of society that behaviour of this sort will result in an unpleasant response from the criminal justice system.
Rehabilitation is the process of re-educating those who have committed a crime and preparing them to re-enter society. The goal is to address all of the underlying root causes of crime in order to decrease the rate of recidivism once inmates are released from prison. [ 1 ]
Rehabilitation was blamed by liberals for allowing the state to act coercively against offenders, and was blamed by conservatives for allowing the state to act leniently toward offenders. In this context, the death knell of rehabilitation was seemingly sounded by Robert Martinson ’s (1974b) influential 'nothing works' essay, which reported ...
Retributive justice is a legal concept whereby the criminal offender receives punishment proportional or similar to the crime.As opposed to revenge, retribution—and thus retributive justice—is not personal, is directed only at wrongdoing, has inherent limits, involves no pleasure at the suffering of others (i.e., schadenfreude, sadism), and employs procedural standards.
San Quentin Rehabilitation Center, formally known as San Quentin State Prison, is the oldest prison in California. Although primarily known for death row, it has recently been reformed into a hub for many rehabilitation programs under Governor Gavin Newsom. [42] The recognition of the benefits of art therapy began as at least as early as 1840. [43]
Academic studies are inconclusive as to whether high imprisonment rates reduce crime rates in comparison to low imprisonment rates. [1] While they at least remove offenders from the community, [1] [2] [3] there is little evidence that prisons can rehabilitate offenders [4] [5] or deter crime. [3]
Penology (also penal theory) is a subfield of criminology that deals with the philosophy and practice [1] [2] of various societies in their attempts to repress criminal activities, and satisfy public opinion via an appropriate treatment regime for persons convicted of criminal offences.
Incapacitation in the context of criminal sentencing philosophy is one of the functions of punishment.It involves capital punishment, sending an offender to prison, or possibly restricting their freedom in the community, to protect society and prevent that person from committing further crimes.