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Process decision program chart. A useful way of planning is to break down tasks into a hierarchy, using a tree diagram. The process decision program chart (PDPC) extends the tree diagram a couple of levels to identify risks and countermeasures for the bottom level tasks. Different shaped boxes are used to highlight risks and identify possible ...
Planning is the process of thinking regarding the activities required to achieve a desired goal. Planning is based on foresight, the fundamental capacity for mental time travel . Some researchers regard the evolution of forethought - the capacity to think ahead - as a prime mover in human evolution . [ 1 ]
Although control was one of the six 'functions of management' [9] listed by Henri Fayol in 1917, [10] [11] the idea of strategic control as a distinct activity does not appear in the management literature until the late 1970s (e.g. "Strategic Control: a new task for top management" by J H Horovitz, [12] which was published in 1979, is a candidate for first paper to explicitly discuss the topic ...
The second major process of strategic management is implementation, which involves decisions regarding how the organization's resources (i.e., people, process and IT systems) will be aligned and mobilized towards the objectives. Implementation results in how the organization's resources are structured (such as by product or service or geography ...
Management control as an interdisciplinary subject. A management control system (MCS) is a system which gathers and uses information to evaluate the performance of different organizational resources like human, physical, financial and also the organization as a whole in light of the organizational strategies pursued.
Scenario planning is as much art as science, and prone to a variety of traps (both in process and content) as enumerated by Paul J. H. Schoemaker. [14] More recently scenario planning has been discussed as a tool to improve the strategic agility, by cognitively preparing not only multiple scenarios but also multiple consistent strategies. [10]
Participatory planning is important because it ensures that the planning process reflects the interests and priorities of all major groups in the community. It also helps to build commitment to translating the plan into action. [2] It has become an influential way of approaching both traditional urban planning and international community ...
A process theory is a system of ideas that explains how an entity changes and develops. [1] Process theories are often contrasted with variance theories , that is, systems of ideas that explain the variance in a dependent variable based on one or more independent variables .