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The World Bank introduced the concept in its 1992 report entitled "Governance and Development". According to the document, good governance is an essential complement to sound economic policies and is central to creating and sustaining an environment which fosters strong and equitable development .
Over-selling: The World Bank Institute advertises its WGIs as "reliable measurements of governance", but for example gives the misleading impression that the views of ordinary citizens are well represented, making the indicators particularly attractive to donor agencies concerned about the poor.
Different organisations have defined governance and good governance differently. The World Bank defines governance as: the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country's economic and social resources for development. [61] The Worldwide Governance Indicators project of the World Bank defines governance as:
Governance structure is often used interchangeably with governance framework as they both refer to the structure of the governance of the organization. [2] Governance frameworks structure and delineate power and the governing or management roles in an organization. [1] They also set rules, procedures, and other informational guidelines. [3]
Earlier examples of global goal-setting include the "Plan of Action of the 1990 World Summit for Children" or the "first Development Decade that dates as far back as 1961". [29] Such governance relies on goals that are not legally binding, leave much national leeway, and do not come with strong institutional arrangements. [30]
Creating a set of indicators for the World Governance Index (WGI) is a comprehensive and complex process. The objective is to measure a modern concept that, despite its historical roots, [4] is currently applied in certain frameworks and implemented by identified entities. [5]
The World Bank has regularly failed to live up to its own policies for protecting people harmed by projects it finances. The World Bank and its private-sector lending arm, the International Finance Corp., have financed governments and companies accused of human rights violations such as rape, murder and torture.
Domain specific GRC vendors understand the cyclical connection between governance, risk and compliance within a particular area of governance. For example, within financial processing — that a risk will either relate to the absence of a control (need to update governance) and/or the lack of adherence to (or poor quality of) an existing control.