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Dharma (/ ˈ d ɑːr m ə /; Sanskrit: धर्म, pronounced ⓘ) is a key concept in the Indian religions of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism. [7] The term dharma is considered untranslatable into English (or other European languages); it is understood to refer to behaviours which are in harmony with the "order and custom" that sustains life; "virtue", righteousness or "religious ...
The fundamental meaning of Dharma in Dharmasūtras, states Olivelle is diverse, and includes accepted norms of behavior, procedures within a ritual, moral actions, righteousness and ethical attitudes, civil and criminal law, legal procedures and penance or punishment, and guidelines for proper and productive living.
Perhaps one of the earliest accounts of a dharmabhāṇaka is in the Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā's account of Sadaprarudita bodhisattva. According to the sutra, Sadaprarudita offered his own flesh in order to obtain money to donate to a dharmabhāṇaka called Dharmodgata, who then teaches him Prajñaparamita (the perfection of wisdom).
Its followers are called Hindus, who refer to it as Sanātana Dharma [2] (Sanskrit: सनातनधर्मः, lit. 'the eternal law that sustains/upholds/surely preserves'), [ 3 ] [ 4 ] amongst many other expressions.
A Mahamatra (meaning "Officer of high rank") [1] was an "officer of morality" established by the Indian Maurya Emperor Ashoka (reigned 269-233 BCE). Their full title was Dhaṃma Mahāmātā, the "Inspectors of Dharma". [2] They were apparently a class of senior officials who were in charge various aspects of administration and justice. [3]
The History of Dharmaśāstra, with a subtitle "Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India", is a monumental seven-volume work consisting of around 6,500 pages. It was authored by renowned Indologist Pandurang Vaman Kane. The first volume of the work was published in 1930 and the final one in 1962.
In Jainism, the dharma (conduct or path) of the householder is distinguished from the conduct of an ascetic. [3] [4] Sravaka-dharma is the religious path for the virtuous householders, where charity and worship are the primary duties. The dharma of a householders consists of observance of twelve vows i.e. five minor vows and seven disciplinary ...
The Sanskrit noun dharma (धर्म) is a derivation from the root dhṛ 'to hold, maintain, keep', [8] and means 'what is established or firm'. The word derives from the Vedic Sanskrit n-stem dharman-with the meaning "bearer, supporter". The historical Vedic religion apparently conceived of dharma as an aspect of Ṛta. [9]