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It formats and prints the contents of the last login log file, /var/log/lastlog (which is a usually a very sparse file), including the login name, port, and last login date and time. It is similar in functionality to the BSD program last , also included in Linux distributions; however, last parses a different binary database file ( /var/log ...
The Single UNIX Specification (SUS) specifies that who should list information about accessible users. The XSI extension also specifies that the data of the username, terminal, login time, process ID, and time since last activity occurred on the terminal, furthermore, an alternate system database used for user information can be specified as an optional argument to who.
As a security and auditing feature, sudo may be configured to log each command run. When a user attempts to invoke sudo without being listed in the configuration file, an exception indication is presented to the user indicating that the attempt has been recorded. If configured, the root user will be alerted via mail. By default, an entry is ...
In Unix-like operating systems, find is a command-line utility that locates files based on some user-specified criteria and either prints the pathname of each matched object or, if another action is requested, performs that action on each matched object.
apropos — search the man page files (command names and their descriptions). find — find files; searches one or more directory trees of a file system, locates files based on some user-specified criteria and applies a user-specified action on each matched file. grep — search plain-text files for lines that match a regular expression.
Unix-like operating systems identify a user by a value called a user identifier, often abbreviated to user ID or UID. The UID, along with the group identifier (GID) and other access control criteria, is used to determine which system resources a user can access. The password file maps textual user names to UIDs.
In a Unix-like system, each user has a user ID number, which is what the kernel uses to distinguish users and to manage user permissions. User ID #0 is reserved as the superuser account, and is given permission to do anything on the system. Users log in by username, not by ID number, and a user's choice of login shell is also managed by name.
A simplified but non-POSIX conforming form of the command, command > file 2 > & 1 is (not available in Bourne Shell prior to version 4, final release, or in the standard shell Debian Almquist shell used in Debian/Ubuntu): command & >file or command > & file. It is possible to use 2>&1 before ">" but the result is commonly misunderstood. The ...