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where A is the surface area, is the temperature driving force, Q is the heat flow per unit time, and h is the heat transfer coefficient. Within heat transfer, two principal types of convection can occur: Forced convection can occur in both laminar and turbulent flow.
The driving force of fragmentation is the strong tendency of the radical ion for electron pairing. Cleavage occurs when the radical and an odd electron from the bonds adjacent to the radical migrate to form a bond between the alpha carbon and either the heteroatom or the unsaturated functional group.
The driving forces for such reaction is the electron donating abilities of the radical sites: N > S, O,π > Cl, Br > H. [11] An example is the cleavage of carbon-carbon bonds next to a heteroatom. In this depiction, single-electron movements are indicated by a single-headed arrow .
An important concept related to the equilibrium potential is the driving force. Driving force is simply defined as the difference between the actual membrane potential and an ion's equilibrium potential V m − E i {\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {m} }-E_{\mathrm {i} }\ } where E i {\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {i} }\ } refers to the equilibrium ...
In physical chemistry, the Evans–Polanyi principle (also referred to as the Bell–Evans–Polanyi principle, Brønsted–Evans–Polanyi principle, or Evans–Polanyi–Semenov principle) observes that the difference in activation energy between two reactions of the same family is proportional to the difference of their enthalpy of reaction.
Molecular binding occurs in biological complexes (e.g., between pairs or sets of proteins, or between a protein and a small molecule ligand it binds) and also in abiologic chemical systems, e.g. as in cases of coordination polymers and coordination networks such as metal-organic frameworks.
For a system of particles with masses , with coordinates = that constitute a time-dependent random variable, the resulting Langevin equation is [2] [3] ¨ = ˙ + (), where () is the particle interaction potential; is the gradient operator such that () is the force calculated from the particle interaction potentials; the dot is a time derivative ...
In molecular physics and chemistry, the van der Waals force (sometimes van de Waals' force) is a distance-dependent interaction between atoms or molecules. Unlike ionic or covalent bonds , these attractions do not result from a chemical electronic bond ; [ 2 ] they are comparatively weak and therefore more susceptible to disturbance.