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NFATc1 is a master regulator for the expression of essential cytokines during the differentiation of osteoclast precursor cells into mature osteoclasts, known as osteoclastogenesis. [34] Mature osteoclasts then bind to bone through tight junctions and release digestive enzymes to resorb the old bone. [32]
These proteins can affect both osteoclastogenesis, cell survival, and cytoskeletal dynamics. In particular, the cytoskeleton is vital for maintaining the "ruffled border" that is required for contact between a resorbing osteoclast and a bone surface. Statins are another class of drugs that inhibit the HMG-CoA reductase pathway. Unlike ...
Continued elevation of PTH levels increases the abundance of osteoclasts. This leads to a greater resorption of calcium and phosphate ions. [4] High levels of calcium in the blood, on the other hand, leads to decreased PTH release from the parathyroid gland, decreasing the number and activity of osteoclasts, resulting in less bone resorption.
The primary inhibiting action of the first generation of bisphosphonates on osteoclasts is by inducing apoptosis. The mechanism of action is apparently by the formation of an ATP analogue or metabolite of the bisphosphonates like etidronic acid and clodronic acid. The ATP analogue accumulates in the cytosol of the osteoclast with a cytotoxic ...
Denosumab is an inhibitor of RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand), [11] which works by decreasing the development of osteoclasts, which are cells that break down bone. Denosumab is a human monoclonal IgG2 antibody that targets the protein RANKL, which is essential for the formation, function and survival of osteoclasts ...
Zoledronic acid is used to prevent bone fractures in patients with cancers such as multiple myeloma and prostate cancer, as well as for treating osteoporosis. [10] It can also be used to treat hypercalcaemia of malignancy and can be helpful for treating pain from bone metastases. [11] It can be given at home rather than in hospital.
An osteoclast is a large multinucleated cell and human osteoclasts on bone typically have four nuclei [5] and are 150–200 μm in diameter. When osteoclast-inducing cytokines are used to convert macrophages to osteoclasts, very large cells that may reach 100 μm in diameter occur. These may have dozens of nuclei, and typically express major ...
107221 Ensembl ENSG00000186188 ENSMUSG00000054200 UniProt Q5NUL3 Q7TMA4 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001195755 NM_181745 NM_181748 RefSeq (protein) NP_001182684 NP_859529 NP_861413 Location (UCSC) Chr 10: 93.57 – 93.6 Mb Chr 19: 38.09 – 38.1 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Free Fatty acid receptor 4 (FFAR4), also termed G-protein coupled receptor 120 (GPR120), is a protein ...