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Parasitism – where one organism benefits at the expense of another organism. Parabiosis – where both organisms occupy the same dwelling, but do not interfere with each other; Symbiosis – long-term interactions between different biological species, which can be mutualistic, commensal or parasitic; Synanthrope – species commensal with humans
Skin flora is usually non-pathogenic, and either commensal (are not harmful to their host) or mutualistic (offer a benefit). The benefits bacteria can offer include preventing transient pathogenic organisms from colonizing the skin surface, either by competing for nutrients, secreting chemicals against them, or stimulating the skin's immune ...
It is the second largest of the human body and made of various bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. [14] These organisms play an important role in oral and overall health. Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek was the first to view these organisms using a microscope he created. [14]
Normally-commensal bacteria can harm the host if they extrude from the intestinal tract. [12] [13] Translocation, which occurs when bacteria leave the gut through its mucosal lining, can occur in a number of different diseases. [13] If the gut is perforated, bacteria invade the interstitium, causing a potentially fatal infection. [5]: 715
Commensalism benefits one organism and the other organism is neither benefited nor harmed. It occurs when one organism takes benefits by interacting with another organism by which the host organism is not affected. A good example is a remora living with a manatee. Remoras feed on the manatee's faeces.
The commensal bacteria are nonpathogenic and defend our airways against the pathogens. There are several possible mechanisms. Commensals are the native competitors of pathogenic bacteria, because they tend to occupy the same ecological niche inside the human body.
Microbiota are the range of microorganisms that may be commensal, mutualistic, or pathogenic found in and on all multicellular organisms, including plants. Microbiota include bacteria , archaea , protists , fungi , and viruses , [ 2 ] [ 3 ] and have been found to be crucial for immunologic, hormonal, and metabolic homeostasis of their host.
The primary colonizing bacteria of a healthy individual are of the genus Lactobacillus (90–95%), the most common being L. crispatus, L. iners, L. jensenii, and L. gasseri. [5] Since the first description of lactobacilli by Döderlein, lactobacilli have been generally considered the gatekeepers of the vaginal ecosystem.