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All public transport on the Dutch mainland (trains, metros, trams, buses, ferries, ships, etc.). [14] The OV-chipkaart was launched in 2002 [15] but only fully replaced the national strippenkaart of the 1980s for buses, trams, and metro trains in 2011, [16] and the paper ticket system for rail travel in July 2014. [17]
The former AFC barrier gates at Southern Cross station in the Melbourne Metcard AFC System. An automated fare collection (AFC) system is the collection of components that automate the ticketing system of a public transportation network – an automated version of manual fare collection. An AFC system is usually the basis for integrated ticketing.
Ticketer is the brand name for a range of electronic ticket machines provided by British company Corvia Ltd, primarily for usage on buses. [1] The cloud-based system, [2] first marketed on a small scale in 2008, has since developed into a rival to the three major ticket issuing systems used by bus companies throughout Britain.
Calypso is an international electronic ticketing standard for microprocessor contactless smart cards, originally designed by a group of transit operators from 11 countries including Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, México, Portugal and others. It ensures multi-sources of compatible products, and allows for interoperability ...
The CIPURSE open security standard [1] was established by the Open Standard for Public Transportation Alliance [2] to address the needs of local and regional transit authorities for automatic fare collection systems based on smart card technologies and advanced security measures.
Electronic toll collection (ETC) is a wireless system to automatically collect the usage fee or toll charged to vehicles using toll roads, HOV lanes, toll bridges, and toll tunnels. [1] [2] It is a faster alternative which is replacing toll booths, where vehicles must stop and the driver manually pays the toll with cash or a card.
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In order to make an implementation of the digital ticket system, a combination of two paradigms can be used. The first is the account-based system, which relies on central storage and network connections. The second is the smartcard-based system, which uses decentralized storage to store and transfer the ticket.