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A provirus is a virus genome that is integrated into the DNA of a host cell. In the case of bacterial viruses ( bacteriophages ), proviruses are often referred to as prophages . However, proviruses are distinctly different from prophages and these terms should not be used interchangeably.
A prophage is a bacteriophage (often shortened to "phage") genome that is integrated into the circular bacterial chromosome or exists as an extrachromosomal plasmid within the bacterial cell. [1] Integration of prophages into the bacterial host is the characteristic step of the lysogenic cycle of temperate phages.
Often simply called an antiviral. A class of antimicrobial medication used specifically for treating diseases caused by viral infections rather than ones caused by bacteria or other infectious agents. Unlike most antibiotics, antivirals typically do not destroy their target viruses but instead inhibit their development. They are distinct from virucides. assembly The construction of the virus ...
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide, are strong oxidizing agents that can decompose into free radicals and cause DNA damage to bacteria, which lead to prophage induction. [18] One potential strategy to combat prophage induction is through the use of glutathione, a strong antioxidant that can remove free radical ...
Many (but not all) temperate phages can integrate their genomes into their host bacterium's chromosome, together becoming a lysogen as the phage genome becomes a prophage. A temperate phage is also able to undergo a productive, typically lytic life cycle, where the prophage is expressed, replicates the phage genome, and produces phage progeny ...
The prophage expresses gene(s) that repress the phage's lytic action, until this repression is disrupted (see lytic cycle). Currently a variety of studies are being conducted to see whether other genes are active during lysogeny, examples of which include phage-encoded tRNA and virulence genes.
Diagram, three dimensional reconstruction, and EM of phage Φ6 A copy of the sense strand of the large genome segment (6374 bases ) is then synthesized ( transcription ) on the vertices of the capsid , with the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase , P2, and released into the host cell cytosol .
Virus latency (or viral latency) is the ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell, denoted as the lysogenic part of the viral life cycle. [1] A latent viral infection is a type of persistent viral infection which is distinguished from a chronic viral infection.