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Prior to this, around 1996, Combined Science GCSEs were available as an alternative to three separate Sciences for many exam boards. Combined Science consists of either Higher Tier (HT) or Foundation Tier (FT) papers AQA offer two different specifications entitled Synergy and Trilogy. [2]
For GCSE Science the old single-award ‘science’ and ‘additional science’ options are no longer available, being replaced with a double award ‘combined science’ option (graded on the scale 9–9 to 1–1 and equivalent to 2 GCSEs). Alternatively pupils can take separate qualifications in chemistry, biology and physics.
This paper introduced several of the cornerstones of physical chemistry, such as Gibbs energy, chemical potentials, and Gibbs' phase rule. [ 10 ] The first scientific journal specifically in the field of physical chemistry was the German journal, Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie , founded in 1887 by Wilhelm Ostwald and Jacobus Henricus van ...
The A-level (Advanced Level) is a subject-based qualification conferred as part of the General Certificate of Education, as well as a school leaving qualification offered by the educational bodies in the United Kingdom and the educational authorities of British Crown dependencies to students completing secondary or pre-university education. [1]
The CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics is a comprehensive one-volume reference resource for science research. First published in 1914, it is currently (as of 2024 [update] ) in its 105th edition, published in 2024.
Article headline regarding the EPR paradox paper in the May 4, 1935, issue of The New York Times. Though the EPR paper has often been taken as an exact expression of Einstein's views, it was primarily authored by Podolsky, based on discussions at the Institute for Advanced Study with Einstein and Rosen.
Unprotected experiments in the U.S. in 1896 with an early X-ray tube (Crookes tube), when the dangers of radiation were largely unknown.[1]The history of radiation protection begins at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries with the realization that ionizing radiation from natural and artificial sources can have harmful effects on living organisms.