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Cylinder head porting refers to the process of modifying the intake and exhaust ports of an internal combustion engine to improve their air flow. Cylinder heads , as manufactured, are usually suboptimal for racing applications due to being designed for maximum durability.
A flow bench is one of the primary tools of high performance engine builders, and porting cylinder heads would be strictly hit or miss without it. A flow bench consists of an air pump of some sort, a metering element, pressure and temperature measuring instruments such as manometers, and various controls. The test piece is attached in series ...
In engine technology, a reverse-flow or non-crossflow cylinder head is one that locates the intake and exhaust ports on the same side of the engine. The gases can be thought to enter the cylinder head and then change direction to exit the head. This is in contrast to the crossflow cylinder head design.
A crossflow head gives better performance than a Reverse-flow cylinder head (though not as good as a uniflow), but the popular explanation put forward for this — that the gases do not have to change direction and hence are moved into and out of the cylinder more efficiently — is a simplification since there is no continuous flow because of valve opening and closing.
In sidevalve engines the head is a simple plate of metal containing the spark plugs and possibly heat dissipation fins. In more modern overhead valve and overhead camshaft engines, the head is a more complicated metal block that also contains the inlet and exhaust passages, and often coolant passages, Valvetrain components, and fuel injectors.
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