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with Lazarus, Bernice N Passion and Reason: Making Sense of Our Emotions, 1994, Passion and reason: Making sense of our emotions New York: Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-19-510461-5; Fifty years of the research and theory of R.S. Lazarus: An analysis of historical and perennial issues, 1998, Mahwah, N.J.: Lawerence Erlbaum Associates.
Lazarus defines appraisal theory of emotion as having two basic themes: “First, emotion is a response to evaluative judgments or meaning; second, these judgments are about ongoing relationships with the environment, namely how one is doing in the agenda of living and whether the encounter of the environment is one of harm of benefit.” [7]
In the late 20th century, Richard S. Lazarus brought to light the theory of cognitive appraisal (an individual’s subjective view of their environment and its stimuli) in understanding emotional responses, while James J. Gross introduced the Process Model of Emotion Regulation, further investigating how individuals are able to influence their ...
In her work with this group, Folkman coined the terms "emotion-focused coping" and "problem-focused coping" as part of her doctoral thesis. [5] Together with Lazarus she co-authored the 1984 book Stress, Appraisal and Coping, which worked through the theory of psychological stress using concepts of cognitive appraisal and coping. [7] [8]
Appraisal theory is the theory in psychology that emotions are extracted from our evaluations (appraisals or estimates) of events that cause specific reactions in different people. Essentially, our appraisal of a situation causes an emotional, or affective, response that is going to be based on that appraisal. [ 1 ]
According to this theory, two distinct forms of cognitive appraisal must occur in order for an individual to feel stress in response to an event; Lazarus called these stages "primary appraisal" and "secondary appraisal". [5] During primary appraisal, an event is interpreted as dangerous to the individual or threatening to their personal goals.
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Some of the most influential deceased theorists on emotion from the 20th century include Magda B. Arnold (1903–2002), an American psychologist who developed the appraisal theory of emotions; [148] Richard Lazarus (1922–2002), an American psychologist who specialized in emotion and stress, especially in relation to cognition; Herbert A ...