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Carotid ultrasonography is an ultrasound-based diagnostic imaging technique to evaluate structural details of the carotid arteries. Carotid ultrasound is used to diagnose carotid artery stenosis (CAS) and can assess atherosclerotic plaque morphology and characteristics. [1] Carotid duplex and contrast-enhanced ultrasound are two of the most ...
Based on the NASCET (The North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial) criteria, the degree of carotid stenosis is defined as: [22] percent stenosis = ( 1 − ( minimum diameter within stenosis) / ( poststenotic diameter ) ) × 100%. Calculators have been developed to facilitate grading of carotid stenosis per NASCET criteria. [23]
Velocity Time Integral is a clinical Doppler ultrasound measurement of blood flow, equivalent to the area under the velocity time curve. The product of VTI (cm/stroke) and the cross sectional area of a valve (cm2) yields a stroke volume (cm3/stroke), which can be used to calculate cardiac output.
MDCalc was founded by two emergency physicians, Graham Walker, MD, and Joseph Habboushe, MD, MBA, [5] and provides over 500 medical calculators and other clinical decision-support tools. [6] The MDCalc.com website was launched in 2005. [5] In 2016, MDCalc launched an iOS app, [7] followed by an Android app in 2017. [8]
Ultrasound measurements of carotid IMT were first proposed and validated in vitro by Paolo Pignoli in 1984 [2] and further details were subsequently published in a highly cited article. [3] The use of IMT as a non-invasive tool to track changes in arterial walls has increased substantially since the mid-1990s. [ 1 ]
Medical ultrasound includes diagnostic techniques (mainly imaging techniques) using ultrasound, as well as therapeutic applications of ultrasound. In diagnosis, it is used to create an image of internal body structures such as tendons, muscles, joints, blood vessels, and internal organs, to measure some characteristics (e.g., distances and velocities) or to generate an informative audible sound.
Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is the velocity at which the blood pressure pulse propagates through the circulatory system, usually an artery or a combined length of arteries. [1] PWV is used clinically as a measure of arterial stiffness and can be readily measured non-invasively in humans, with measurement of carotid to femoral PWV (cfPWV) being ...
In ultrasound it is usually measured from the velocity gradient SR = (v 2 - v 1)/L where v 2 and v 1 are the myocardial velocities at two different points, and L is the instantaneous distance between them. This is thus equivalent to the velocity difference per length unit (the spatial derivative of velocity) and has the unit s −1. Strain is ...