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A number of materials contract on heating within certain temperature ranges; this is usually called negative thermal expansion, rather than "thermal contraction".For example, the coefficient of thermal expansion of water drops to zero as it is cooled to 3.983 °C (39.169 °F) and then becomes negative below this temperature; this means that water has a maximum density at this temperature, and ...
For a single component system, the "standard" three parameters are the isothermal compressibility , the specific heat at constant pressure , and the coefficient of thermal expansion . For example, the following equations are true:
In physics, the thermal equation of state is a mathematical expression of pressure P, temperature T, and, volume V.The thermal equation of state for ideal gases is the ideal gas law, expressed as PV=nRT (where R is the gas constant and n the amount of substance), while the thermal equation of state for solids is expressed as:
An Introduction to Thermal Physics. United States of America: Addison Wesley Longman. ISBN 0-201-38027-7. [35] [36] [37] Blundell, Stephen; Blundell, Katherine (2006). Concepts in Thermal Physics. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-856769-1. [38] Gould, Harvey and Tobochnik, Jan (2010). Statistical and Thermal Physics ...
The temperature of a system in thermal equilibrium is the same as the temperature of any part of it, so temperature is an intensive quantity. If the system is divided by a wall that is permeable to heat or to matter, the temperature of each subsystem is identical. Additionally, the boiling temperature of a substance is an intensive property.
Thermal equilibrium: When the temperature throughout a system is uniform, the system is in thermal equilibrium. Mechanical equilibrium : If at every point within a given system there is no change in pressure with time, and there is no movement of material, the system is in mechanical equilibrium.
As quoted in an online version of: David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition.CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 4, Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Physical Properties of the Rare Earth Metals
A material property is an intensive property of a material, i.e., a physical property or chemical property that does not depend on the amount of the material. These quantitative properties may be used as a metric by which the benefits of one material versus another can be compared, thereby aiding in materials selection.