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In areas with triatomine bugs, transmission of T. cruzi can be prevented by sleeping under bed nets and by housing improvements that prevent triatomine bugs from colonizing houses. [16] Blood transfusion was formerly the second-most common mode of transmission for Chagas disease. [35]
In the 1940s fisherman Henrique Penna from the Rockefeller Foundation in Rio de Janeiro reported that he had discovered cases of leishmaniasis in Brazil's countryside. [1] The disease had not been previously detected in Brazil, and as a response, Carlos Chagas of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute organized a commission leishmaniasis to be headed by his son Evandro Chagas.
Chagas is a potentially fatal neglected disease that affects between 8 and 13 million people worldwide. DNDi 's Time to Treat campaign is pushing for increased political interest in new treatments for Chagas disease, increased public awareness of the disease and treatment limitations and increased public and private investment in R&D.
The chronic phase occurs in 30 percent of all infections [18] and can take three forms: asymptomatic (most prevalent), cardiac, and digestive lesions. [38] Chagas disease can be prevented by avoiding insect bites through insecticide spraying, home improvement, bed nets, hygienic food, medical care, laboratory practices, and testing. [38]
One common way in which trypanosomiasis can be diagnosed in humans is through the detection of antibodies against trypanosomes made by host organisms. [6] One commonly used antibody test which operated based on this principle is the card agglutination test, C.A.T.T. for T. gambiense. [6] [7] In this test, reagent is mixed with blood and shaken.
These days can help to provide visibility and commit countries to enhance control interventions for a disease that has remained largely neglected, but still present in many countries." Celebrating World Chargas Disease Day provides a unique opportunity to express a voice in favor of this disease.
A total maximum daily load (TMDL) is a regulatory term in the U.S. Clean Water Act, describing a plan for restoring impaired waters that identifies the maximum amount of a pollutant that a body of water can receive while still meeting water quality standards. [1] [2] [3]
A related term is "water-related disease" which is defined as "any significant or widespread adverse effects on human health, such as death, disability, illness or disorders, caused directly or indirectly by the condition, or changes in the quantity or quality of any water".