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The EELV Secondary Payload Adapter (ESPA) is an adapter for launching secondary payloads on orbital launch vehicles.. Originally developed for US launch vehicles in the 2000s to launch secondary payloads on space missions of the United States Department of Defense that used the Atlas V and Delta IV, the adapter design has become a de facto standard and is now also used for spaceflight missions ...
This was true both for satellites and space probes intended to be left in space for a long time, as well as any object designed to return to Earth such as human-carrying space capsules or the sample return canisters of space matter collection missions like Stardust (1999–2006) [11] or Hayabusa (2005–2010).
Separate from the market competition brought about by SpaceX lower launch prices and the potential future of even more radically lower launch prices if the technology can be completed successfully, Aviation Week said in 2014 that "SpaceX reusable launch work is an R&D model"—"The audacity of the concept and speed of the program’s progress ...
2.2.3 Long Duration Propulsive ESPA (LDPE) 2.2.4 Vigoride by ... LDPE is based on a Northrop Grumman payload adapter used to help attach the upper stage to the ...
The published prices for Falcon Heavy launches have changed as development progressed, with announced prices for the various versions of Falcon Heavy priced at US$80–125 million in 2011, [77] US$83–128 million in 2012, [78] US$77–135 million in 2013, [95] US$85 million for up to 6.4 t (14,000 lb) to GTO in 2014, US$90 million for up to 8 ...
The starting price for delivering payloads to orbit is about US$7.5 million per launch, or US$25,000 per kg, which offers the only dedicated service at this price point. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Moon Express contracted Rocket Lab to launch lunar landers (multiple launches contracted, some planned for Moon Express operations after GLXP) on an Electron to ...
NASA's Long Duration Exposure Facility, or LDEF (pronounced "eldef"), was a cylindrical facility designed to provide long-term experimental data on the outer space environment and its effects on space systems, materials, operations and selected spores' survival. [2] [3] It was placed in low Earth orbit by Space Shuttle Challenger in April 1984.
For rockets and space vehicles, propellants usually take up 2/3 or more of their total mass. Large upper-stage rocket engines generally use a cryogenic fuel like liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen (LOX) as an oxidizer because of the large specific impulse possible, but must carefully consider a problem called "boil off," or the evaporation of the cryogenic propellant.