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Workers spreading salt from a salt truck for deicing the road Freezing point depression is responsible for keeping ice cream soft below 0°C. [1]Freezing-point depression is a drop in the maximum temperature at which a substance freezes, caused when a smaller amount of another, non-volatile substance is added.
Slabs of manufactured ice at the Grimsby Ice Factory prior to being crushed, 1990. An icemaker, ice generator, or ice machine may refer to either a consumer device for making ice, found inside a home freezer; a stand-alone appliance for making ice, or an industrial machine for making ice on a large scale. The term "ice machine" usually refers ...
In 1843, Nancy M. (Donaldson) Johnson of Philadelphia received the first U.S. patent for a small-scale hand-cranked ice cream freezer. [3] The ice cream freezer was a pewter cylinder. [4] Dubbed the "Queen of Ices", Victorian English culinary entrepreneur Agnes Marshall was granted a patent for an ice cream machine that could freeze a pint of ...
Ice cream was originally made using very intensive labor and it often took one individual hours to make. Johnson had invented the hand cranked ice cream churn as a way to make ice cream faster and easier than by hand. [4] The patent number for the Artificial Freezer is US3254A. [5] It was patented on September 9, 1843, and antedated on July 29 ...
In practice, a mechanical freezing process is usually used instead due to cost. There has been continuous optimization of the freezing rate in mechanical freezing to minimize ice crystal size. [2] Flash freezing techniques are also used to freeze biological samples quickly so that large ice crystals cannot form and damage the sample. [5]
Cooling baths are generally one of two types: (a) a cold fluid (particularly liquid nitrogen, water, or even air) — but most commonly the term refers to (b) a mixture of 3 components: (1) a cooling agent (such as dry ice or ice); (2) a liquid "carrier" (such as liquid water, ethylene glycol, acetone, etc.), which transfers heat between the ...
Frost heaving (or a frost heave) is an upwards swelling of soil during freezing conditions caused by an increasing presence of ice as it grows towards the surface, upwards from the depth in the soil where freezing temperatures have penetrated into the soil (the freezing front or freezing boundary). Ice growth requires a water supply that ...
An ultra low temperature (ULT) freezer is a refrigerator that stores contents at −80 to −86 °C (−112 to −123 °F). [1] An ultra low temperature freezer is commonly referred to as a "minus 80 freezer" or a "negative 80 freezer", referring to the most common temperature standard. [2] ULT freezers come in upright and chest freezer formats.