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The null coalescing operator is a binary operator that is part of the syntax for a basic conditional expression in several programming languages, such as (in alphabetical order): C# [1] since version 2.0, [2] Dart [3] since version 1.12.0, [4] PHP since version 7.0.0, [5] Perl since version 5.10 as logical defined-or, [6] PowerShell since 7.0.0, [7] and Swift [8] as nil-coalescing operator.
For example, if number => number is the type of function taking a number as an argument and returning a number, and string => string is the type of function taking a string as an argument and returning a string, then the intersection of these two types can be used to describe (overloaded) functions that do one or the other, based on what type ...
Python sets are very much like mathematical sets, and support operations like set intersection and union. Python also features a frozenset class for immutable sets, see Collection types. Dictionaries (class dict) are mutable mappings tying keys and corresponding values. Python has special syntax to create dictionaries ({key: value})
Those languages also need to specify when one function type is a subtype of another—that is, when it is safe to use a function of one type in a context that expects a function of a different type. It is safe to substitute a function f for a function g if f accepts a more general type of argument and returns a more specific type than g.
In computer science and logic, a dependent type is a type whose definition depends on a value. It is an overlapping feature of type theory and type systems.In intuitionistic type theory, dependent types are used to encode logic's quantifiers like "for all" and "there exists".
PDFsharp is an open source [1].NET library for processing PDF files. It is written in C#.The library can be used to create, render, print, split, merge, modify, and extract text and meta-data of PDF files.
For example, both C++ and C# allow programs to define operators to convert a value from one type to another with well-defined semantics. When a C++ compiler encounters such a conversion, it treats the operation just like a function call. In contrast, converting a value to the C type void* is an unsafe operation that is invisible to the compiler.
In Python's optional static type annotations, the general bottom type is typing.Never (introduced in version 3.11), [10] while typing.NoReturn (introduced in version 3.5) can be used as the return type of non-returning functions specifically (and doubled as the general bottom type prior to the introduction of Never). [11]