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Symptoms include pain, swelling, and a decreased ability to move the shoulder. [1] Complications may include axillary nerve or axillary artery injury. [3] The cause is generally a fall onto the arm or direct trauma to the arm. [3] Risk factors include osteoporosis and diabetes. [4] [5] Diagnosis is generally based on X-rays or CT scan. [3]
Shoulder pain or tenderness and, occasionally, a bump in the middle of the top of the shoulder (over the AC joint) are signs that a separation may have occurred. Sometimes the severity of a separation can be detected by taking X-rays while the patient holds a light weight that pulls on the muscles, making a separation more pronounced.
An injury to the AC joint will result in pain over the AC joint, in the anterolateral neck and in the region in the anterolateral deltoid. [citation needed] X-ray indicates a separated shoulder when the acromioclavicular joint space is widened (it is normally 5 to 8 mm). [9] It can be classified into 6 types.
For proximal fractures, X-rays can be taken from a scapular anteroposterior (AP) view, which takes an image of the front of the shoulder region from an angle, a scapular Y view, which takes an image of the back of the shoulder region from an angle, and an axillar lateral view, which has the patient lie on his or her back, lift the bottom half ...
Impingement syndrome can be diagnosed by a targeted medical history and physical examination, [11] [12] but it has also been argued that at least medical imaging [13] (generally X-ray initially) and/or response to local anesthetic injection [14] is necessary for workup. However, imaging studies are unable to show cause of shoulder pain in ...
Clinical judgement, rather than over-reliance on MRI or any other modality, is strongly advised in determining the cause of shoulder pain, or planning its treatment, since rotator cuff tears are also found in some without pain or symptoms. The role of X-ray, MRI, and ultrasound is adjunctive to clinical assessment and serves to confirm a ...