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The VRG maintains a constant breathing rhythm by stimulating the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles to contract, resulting in inspiration. [6] In the medulla, the ventral respiratory group (VRG) consists of four groups of neurons that make up the exhalation (expiratory) area of respiratory control. This area is in the ventrolateral part ...
The superior pontine sulcus separates the pons from the midbrain. [7] Posteriorly, the pons curves on either side into a middle cerebellar peduncle. [4] A cross-section of the pons divides it into a ventral and a dorsal area. The ventral pons is known as the basilar part, and the dorsal pons is known as the pontine tegmentum. [3]
The major function of this pathway is fine voluntary motor control of the limbs. The pathway also controls voluntary body posture adjustments. corticobulbar tract: from the motor cortex to several nuclei in the pons and medulla oblongata: Involved in control of facial and jaw musculature, swallowing and tongue movements.
It is also of prime importance in the conveyance of motor and sensory pathways from the rest of the brain to the body, and from the body back to the brain. [4] These pathways include the corticospinal tract (motor function), the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway ( fine touch , vibration sensation , and proprioception ), and the ...
As an important homeostatic control center of the body, the locus coeruleus receives afferents from the hypothalamus. The cingulate gyrus and the amygdala also innervate the LC, allowing emotional pain and stressors to trigger noradrenergic responses.
Then both tracts pass through the brain stem, from the pons and then to the medulla. [2] The corticospinal tract, along with the corticobulbar tract, form two pyramids on either side of the medulla of the brainstem—and give their name as pyramidal tracts. [1] Corticospinal neurons synapse directly onto alpha motor neurons for direct muscle ...
The pontine tegmentum, or dorsal pons, is the dorsal part of the pons located within the brainstem. The ventral part or ventral pons is known as the basilar part of the pons , or basilar pons. Along with the dorsal surface of the medulla oblongata , it forms part of the rhomboid fossa – the floor of the fourth ventricle .
The pons regulates breathing through particular nuclei that regulate the breathing center of the medulla oblongata. The cerebellum works to coordinate muscle movements, maintain posture, and integrate sensory information from the inner ear and proprioceptors in the muscles and joints.