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Several diacritical systems were developed in the Early Middle Ages. The most widespread system, and the only one still used to a significant degree today, was created by the Masoretes of Tiberias in the second half of the first millennium in the Land of Israel (see Masoretic Text, Tiberian Hebrew). The Niqqud signs and cantillation marks ...
ISO 259-3 is Uzzi Ornan's romanization, which reached the stage of an ISO Final Draft [3] but not of a published International Standard (IS). [4] It is designed to deliver the common structure of the Hebrew word throughout the different dialects or pronunciation styles of Hebrew, in a way that it can be reconstructed into the original Hebrew characters by both man and machine.
In Hebrew orthography, niqqud or nikud (Hebrew: נִקּוּד, Modern: nikúd, Tiberian: niqqūḏ, "dotting, pointing" or Hebrew: נְקֻדּוֹת, Modern: nekudót, Tiberian: nəquddōṯ, "dots") is a system of diacritical signs used to represent vowels or distinguish between alternative pronunciations of letters of the Hebrew alphabet.
Closeup of Aleppo Codex, Joshua 1:1. The Tiberian vocalization, Tiberian pointing, or Tiberian niqqud (Hebrew: הַנִּקּוּד הַטְבֶרְיָנִי , romanized: hanniqquḏ haṭṭəḇeryāni) is a system of diacritics devised by the Masoretes of Tiberias to add to the consonantal text of the Hebrew Bible to produce the Masoretic Text. [1]
Example of Palestinian vocalization: Geniza fragment (Bod. Ms Heb. e. 30, fol. 48b) with Isaiah 7:11-9:8 in shorthand script (serugin)The Palestinian vocalization, Palestinian pointing, Palestinian niqqud or Vocalization of the Land of Israel (Hebrew: נִקּוּד אֶרֶץ־יִשְׂרְאֵלִי, romanized: niqqūḏ ʾereṣ-Yiśrəʾēli) is an extinct system of niqqud devised by ...
The Babylonian vocalization, also known as Babylonian supralinear punctuation, or Babylonian pointing or Babylonian niqqud Hebrew: נִקּוּד בָּבְלִי ) is a system of diacritics and vowel symbols assigned above the text and devised by the Masoretes of Babylon to add to the consonantal text of the Hebrew Bible to indicate the ...
Tiberian Hebrew is the canonical pronunciation of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) committed to writing by Masoretic scholars living in the Jewish community of Tiberias in ancient Galilee c. 750–950 CE under the Abbasid Caliphate.
Its form is a vertical bar placed either to the left, the right, or in the middle of the niqqud (diacritics for vowels or cantillation) under a consonant. [1] It is identical in appearance to silluq and is unified with it in Unicode. [2] Meteg differs from other Hebrew diacritics in that its placement is not totally fixed. [3]