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The development of analytical geometry and rigorous integral calculus in the 17th-19th centuries subsumed the method of exhaustion so that it is no longer explicitly used to solve problems. An important alternative approach was Cavalieri's principle , also termed the method of indivisibles which eventually evolved into the infinitesimal ...
The following other wikis use this file: Usage on en.wikisource.org Wikisource:Community collaboration/Monthly Challenge/August 2022; Index:Calculus Made Easy.pdf
Research on process calculi began in earnest with Robin Milner's seminal work on the Calculus of Communicating Systems (CCS) during the period from 1973 to 1980. C.A.R. Hoare's Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP) first appeared in 1978, and was subsequently developed into a full-fledged process calculus during the early 1980s. There was ...
In the theory of probability for stochastic processes, the reflection principle for a Wiener process states that if the path of a Wiener process f(t) reaches a value f(s) = a at time t = s, then the subsequent path after time s has the same distribution as the reflection of the subsequent path about the value a. [1]
In integral calculus, integration by reduction formulae is a method relying on recurrence relations. It is used when an expression containing an integer parameter , usually in the form of powers of elementary functions, or products of transcendental functions and polynomials of arbitrary degree , can't be integrated directly.
For any cadlag process Y t, the left limit in t is denoted by Y t−, which is a left-continuous process. The jumps are written as Δ Y t = Y t − Y t− . Then, Itô's lemma states that if X = ( X 1 , X 2 , ..., X d ) is a d -dimensional semimartingale and f is a twice continuously differentiable real valued function on R d then f ( X ) is a ...
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