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The Trial of the Twenty-One took place in Moscow in March 1938, towards the end of the Soviet Great Purge. The accused were tortured to extract confessions and publicly admitted their guilt during the show trial. Most of the accused, including Nikolai Bukharin, Alexei Rykov and Genrikh Yagoda, were convicted, and sentenced to death.
The Moscow trials were a series of show trials held by the Soviet Union between 1936 and 1938 at the instigation of Joseph Stalin. They were nominally directed against " Trotskyists " and members of the " Right Opposition " of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union .
Marc Jansen , A Show Trial Under Lenin: The Trial of the Socialist Revolutionaries, Moscow 1922. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1982. Karl Kautsky, "The Moscow Trial and the Bolsheviki," preface to The Twelve Who Are to Die: The Trial of the Socialists-Revolutionists in Moscow]. Berlin: Delegation of the Party of Socialists ...
That Trotsky never instructed any of the accused or witnesses in the Moscow trials to enter into agreements with foreign powers against the Soviet Union [and] that Trotsky never recommended, plotted, or attempted the restoration of capitalism in the USSR." The commission concluded: "We therefore find the Moscow Trials to be frame-ups."
Nikolai Bukharin and others convicted in the Moscow Trials were not rehabilitated until as late as 1988. Leon Trotsky, considered a major player in the Russian Revolution and a major contributor to Marxist theory , was never rehabilitated by the USSR.
Rubashov is a stand-in for the Old Bolsheviks as a group, [13] and Koestler uses him to explore their actions at the 1938 Moscow show trials. [14] [15] Secondary characters include some fellow prisoners: No. 402 is a Czarist army officer and veteran inmate, [16] with an archaic sense of personal honor, as Rubashov would consider it, .
Marshal Mikhail Tukhachevsky. The Case was a secret trial, unlike the Moscow Show Trials.It is traditionally considered one of the key trials of the Great Purge.Marshal Mikhail Tukhachevsky and the senior military officers Iona Yakir, Ieronim Uborevich, Robert Eideman, August Kork, Vitovt Putna, Boris Feldman, and Vitaly Primakov (as well as Yakov Gamarnik, who committed suicide before the ...
According to historian Paul Gabel, "The prosecutor was arch-atheist Peter Krasikov, who, like Krylenko in the Moscow Trial, saw conspiracy rather than genuine religious passion as the cause of the violence surrounding churches. He had orders from Moscow to discredit the Church, and the verdicts were foregone conclusions.