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In classical electromagnetism, magnetization is the vector field that expresses the density of permanent or induced magnetic dipole moments in a magnetic material. Accordingly, physicists and engineers usually define magnetization as the quantity of magnetic moment per unit volume. [1] It is represented by a pseudovector M.
The magnetization is the negative derivative of the free energy with respect to the applied field, and so the magnetization per unit volume is = , where n is the number density of magnetic moments. [1]: 117 The formula above is known as the Langevin paramagnetic equation.
where, is the magnetization of the material (the magnetic dipole moment per unit volume), measured in amperes per meter (SI units), and is the magnetic field strength, also measured in amperes per meter. Susceptibility is a dimensionless quantity.
M: Amount of magnetic moment per unit volume A/m L −1 I: vector field Momentum: p →: Product of an object's mass and velocity kg⋅m/s L M T −1: vector, extensive Pop: p →: Rate of change of crackle per unit time: the sixth time derivative of position m/s 6: L T −6: vector Pressure gradient: Pressure per unit distance pascal/m L −2 ...
It is the ratio of magnetization M (magnetic moment per unit volume) to the applied magnetic field intensity H. This allows a simple classification, into two categories, of most materials' responses to an applied magnetic field: an alignment with the magnetic field, χ > 0 , called paramagnetism , or an alignment against the field, χ < 0 ...
Therefore, it is useful to define the magnetization field M as: =, where m ΔV and V ΔV are the magnetic dipole moment and volume of a sufficiently small portion of the magnet ΔV. This equation is often represented using derivative notation such that M = d m d V , {\displaystyle \mathbf {M} ={\frac {\mathrm {d} \mathbf {m} }{\mathrm {d} V ...
The magnetization of a magnetized material is the local value of its magnetic moment per unit volume, usually denoted M, with units A/m. [18] It is a vector field , rather than just a vector (like the magnetic moment), because different areas in a magnet can be magnetized with different directions and strengths (for example, because of domains ...
The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (cube), surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area (circle) with outward unit normal n̂, d is the dipole moment between two point charges, the volume density of these is the polarization density P.