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Most ACL injuries can be diagnosed by examining the knee and comparing it to the other, non-injured knee. When a doctor suspects ACL injury in a person who reports a popping sound in the knee followed by swelling, pain, and instability of the knee joint, they can perform several tests to evaluate the damage to the knee.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): [5] [6] The gold standard for diagnosing bucket-handle tears. Key findings on MRI include: Key findings on MRI include: Double PCL sign : The displaced meniscal fragment mimics the appearance of a second posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) on sagittal images.
Most ACL tears are a result of a non-contact mechanism such as a sudden change in a direction causing the knee to rotate inward. As the knee rotates inward, additional strain is placed on the ACL, since the femur and tibia, which are the two bones that articulate together forming the knee joint, move in opposite directions, causing the ACL to tear.
An increased amount of anterior tibial translation compared with the opposite limb or lack of a firm end-point may indicate either a sprain of the anteromedial bundle or complete tear of the ACL. [2] If the tibia pulls forward or backward more than normal, the test is considered positive.
In radiology, the deep lateral femoral notch sign is a finding on a lateral radiograph that is considered an indirect sign of a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). [1] [2] It is an abnormal deepening of the lateral condylopatellar sulcus from an osteochondral impaction fracture. [1] [3] A depth greater than 1.5 mm is a reliable sign of a ...
The Lachman test is a clinical test used to diagnose injury of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). It is recognized as reliable, sensitive, and usually superior to the anterior drawer test . [ 1 ]
The pivot-shift test [1] is one of the three major tests for assessing anterior cruciate injury or laxity, the other two being the anterior drawer and Lachman test. However, unlike the other two, it tests for instability, an important determinant as to how the knee will function. [ 1 ]
Most PLC injuries accompany an ACL or PCL tear, and can contribute to ACL or PCL reconstruction graft failure if not recognized and treated. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] A study by LaPrade et al. in 2007 showed the incidence of posterolateral knee injuries in patients presenting with acute knee injuries and hemarthrosis (blood in the knee joint) was 9.1%.