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The concentration can refer to any kind of chemical mixture, but most frequently refers to solutes and solvents in solutions. The molar (amount) concentration has variants, such as normal concentration and osmotic concentration. Dilution is reduction of concentration, e.g. by adding
Perfect competition exists where an industry's concentration ratio is CR n = n/N, where N is the number of firms in the industry. That is, all firms have an equal market share. Low concentration – 40% A concentration ratio of close to 0% implies perfect competition at the least. This is only possible in an industry where there is a very large ...
The relative activity of a species i, denoted a i, is defined [4] [5] as: = where μ i is the (molar) chemical potential of the species i under the conditions of interest, μ o i is the (molar) chemical potential of that species under some defined set of standard conditions, R is the gas constant, T is the thermodynamic temperature and e is the exponential constant.
In his 1844 Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts, Karl Marx observes that economies of scale have historically been associated with an increasing concentration of private wealth and have been used to justify such concentration. Marx points out that concentrated private ownership of large-scale economic enterprises is a historically contingent ...
Concentration, in chemistry, the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance; Mass concentration (astronomy), a region of a planet or moon's crust that is denser than average; Number density in physics, chemistry, and astronomy
Molar concentration or molarity is most commonly expressed in units of moles of solute per litre of solution. [1] For use in broader applications, it is defined as amount of substance of solute per unit volume of solution, or per unit volume available to the species, represented by lowercase c {\displaystyle c} : [ 2 ]
There are three common types of chemical reaction where normality is used as a measure of reactive species in solution: In acid-base chemistry, normality is used to express the concentration of hydronium ions (H 3 O +) or hydroxide ions (OH −) in a solution. Here, 1 / f eq is an integer value. Each solute can produce one or more ...
In economics, market concentration is a function of the number of firms and their respective shares of the total production (alternatively, total capacity or total reserves) in a market. [1] Market concentration is the portion of a given market's market share that is held by a small number of businesses.