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The Lorentz force imparts a momentum to the particle, so by Newton's second law the particle must impart a momentum to the electromagnetic fields. [ 46 ] In a vacuum, the momentum per unit volume is
The moment of force, or torque, is a first moment: =, or, more generally, .; Similarly, angular momentum is the 1st moment of momentum: =.Momentum itself is not a moment.; The electric dipole moment is also a 1st moment: = for two opposite point charges or () for a distributed charge with charge density ().
A form of Newton's second law, that force is the rate of change of momentum, also holds, as does the conservation of momentum. However, the definition of momentum is modified. Among the consequences of this is the fact that the more quickly a body moves, the harder it is to accelerate, and so, no matter how much force is applied, a body cannot ...
Family quotes from famous people. 11. “In America, there are two classes of travel—first class and with children.” —Robert Benchley (July 1934) 12. “There is no such thing as fun for the ...
The Abraham–Minkowski controversy is a physics debate concerning electromagnetic momentum within dielectric media. [1] [2] Two equations were first suggested by Hermann Minkowski (1908) [3] and Max Abraham (1909) [4] [5] for this momentum. They predict different values, from which the name of the controversy derives. [6]
Euler's second law states that the rate of change of angular momentum L about a point that is fixed in an inertial reference frame (often the center of mass of the body), is equal to the sum of the external moments of force acting on that body M about that point: [1] [4] [5]
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This has the advantage that kinetic momentum can be measured experimentally whereas canonical momentum cannot. Notice that the Hamiltonian ( total energy ) can be viewed as the sum of the relativistic energy (kinetic+rest) , E = γ m c 2 {\displaystyle E=\gamma mc^{2}} , plus the potential energy , V = q φ {\displaystyle V=q\varphi