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In English-speaking countries, they have integrative motivation, the desire to learn the language to fit into an English-language culture. They are more likely to want to integrate because they 1. Generally have more friends and family with English language skills. 2. Have immediate financial and economic incentives to learn English. 3.
Abductor spasmodic dysphonia (ABSD) is the second most common type, affecting around 13% of individuals with SD. [17] In ABSD, sudden involuntary muscle movements or spasms cause the vocal folds to open. [31] As the name suggests, these spasms occur in the single abductor muscle of the vocal folds, called the posterior cricoarytenoid. The vocal ...
Dialects of the same language may have different stress placement. For instance, the English word laboratory is stressed on the second syllable in British English (labóratory often pronounced "labóratry", the second o being silent), but the first syllable in American English, with a secondary stress on the "tor" syllable (láboratory often ...
Drawing up a comprehensive list of words in English is important as a reference when learning a language as it will show the equivalent words you need to learn in the other language to achieve fluency. A big list will constantly show you what words you don't know and what you need to work on and is useful for testing yourself.
Laryngospasm is characterized by involuntary spasms of the laryngeal muscles. It is associated with difficulty or inability to breathe or speak, retractions, a feeling of suffocation, which may be followed by hypoxia-induced loss of consciousness. [2] It may be followed by paroxysmal coughing and in partial laryngospasms, a stridor may be heard ...
Cervical dystonia (CD) or spasmodic torticollis is characterized by muscle spasms of the head and neck, which may be painful and cause the neck to twist into unusual positions or postures. [7] Writer's cramp and musician's cramp is a task-specific dystonia, meaning that it only occurs when performing certain tasks. Writer's cramp is a ...
MTD can be distinguished for another similar dysphonia, adductor spasmodic dysphonia, by differences in voice characteristics. [12] In MTD, all vocal tasks (vowels, singing, etc) are difficult for the patient while in adductor spasmodic dysphonia, some vocal tasks are difficult while others are unaffected. [ 12 ]
Pressure of speech (or pressured speech) is a speech fast and frenetic (i.e., mainly without pauses), including some irregularities in loudness and rhythm or some degrees of circumstantiality; it is hard to interpret and expresses a feeling/affect of emergency.