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The Schönhage–Strassen algorithm is based on the fast Fourier transform (FFT) method of integer multiplication. This figure demonstrates multiplying 1234 × 5678 = 7006652 using the simple FFT method. Base 10 is used in place of base 2 w for illustrative purposes.
Demonstration of multiplying 1234 × 5678 = 7006652 using fast Fourier transforms (FFTs). Number-theoretic transforms in the integers modulo 337 are used, selecting 85 as an 8th root of unity. Base 10 is used in place of base 2 w for illustrative purposes. Every number in base B, can be written as a polynomial:
Here, complexity refers to the time complexity of performing computations on a multitape Turing machine. [1] See big O notation for an explanation of the notation used. Note: Due to the variety of multiplication algorithms, M ( n ) {\displaystyle M(n)} below stands in for the complexity of the chosen multiplication algorithm.
Toom-1.5 (k m = 2, k n = 1) is still degenerate: it recursively reduces one input by halving its size, but leaves the other input unchanged, hence we can make it into a multiplication algorithm only if we supply a 1 × n multiplication algorithm as a base case (whereas the true Toom–Cook algorithm reduces to constant-size base cases). It ...
For example, 1.5 × 30 (which equals 45) will show the same result as 1 500 000 × 0.03 (which equals 45 000). This separate calculation forces the user to keep track of magnitude in short-term memory (which is error-prone), keep notes (which is cumbersome) or reason about it in every step (which distracts from the other calculation requirements).
The method for general multiplication is a method to achieve multiplications with low space complexity, i.e. as few temporary results as possible to be kept in memory. . This is achieved by noting that the final digit is completely determined by multiplying the last digit of the multiplic
Napier's bones is a manually operated calculating device created by John Napier of Merchiston, Scotland for the calculation of products and quotients of numbers. The method was based on lattice multiplication, and also called rabdology, a word invented by Napier.
Karatsuba multiplication of az+b and cz+d (boxed), and 1234 and 567 with z=100. Magenta arrows denote multiplication, amber denotes addition, silver denotes subtraction and cyan denotes left shift. (A), (B) and (C) show recursion with z=10 to obtain intermediate values. The Karatsuba algorithm is a fast multiplication algorithm.