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A balanced salt solution (BSS) is a solution made to a physiological pH and isotonic salt concentration. Solutions most commonly include sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chloride. [1] Balanced salt solutions are used for washing tissues and cells and are usually combined with other agents to treat the tissues and cells.
Saline solution for irrigation. Normal saline (NSS, NS or N/S) is the commonly used phrase for a solution of 0.90% w/v of NaCl, 308 mOsm/L or 9.0 g per liter. Less commonly, this solution is referred to as physiological saline or isotonic saline (because it is approximately isotonic to blood serum, which makes it a physiologically normal solution).
The pH of a sodium chloride solution remains ≈7 due to the extremely weak basicity of the Cl − ion, which is the conjugate base of the strong acid HCl. In other words, NaCl has no effect on system pH [ 32 ] in diluted solutions where the effects of ionic strength and activity coefficients are negligible.
A 1966 patent describes the production of solid stable dihydrate NaOCl·2H 2 O by reacting a chloride-free solution of hypochlorous acid HClO (such as prepared from chlorine monoxide ClO and water), with a concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide. In a typical preparation, 255 mL of a solution with 118 g/L HClO is slowly added with stirring to ...
A 1:20 solution is isotonic with body fluids. 1:4 dilution is used for wound management applications; this contains 0.25% (w/v) available chlorine and has a pH of 10.5–11.2 . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The fluid has been used in endodontics , for example to irrigate an infected root canal , although it is not medically licensed for use in the mouth.
The salt substitute used was 25% potassium chloride and 75% sodium chloride. A 2022 Cochrane review of 26 trials involving salt substitutes reported their use probably slightly reduces blood pressure, non-fatal stroke, non-fatal acute coronary syndrome and heart disease death in adults compared to use of regular table salt. [ 9 ]
This process is widely used for the industrial production of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and calcium hypochlorite (Ca(ClO) 2). Cl 2 + 2 NaOH → NaCl + NaClO + H 2 O 2 Cl 2 + 2 Ca(OH) 2 → CaCl 2 + Ca(ClO) 2 + 2 H 2 O. Large amounts of sodium hypochlorite are also produced electrochemically via an un-separated chloralkali process.
Sodium hypochlorite solution, 3–6%, (common household bleach) is typically diluted for safe use when disinfecting surfaces and when used to treat drinking water. [31] [32] A weak solution of 2% household bleach in warm water is typical for sanitizing smooth surfaces before the brewing of beer or wine. [citation needed]