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Limescale build-up inside a pipe reduces both liquid flow and thermal conduction from the pipe, so will reduce thermal efficiency when used as a heat exchanger.. A descaling agent or chemical descaler is a liquid chemical substance used to remove limescale from metal surfaces in contact with hot water, such as in boilers, water heaters, and kettles.
Nitric acid is a powerful oxidizer, which will dissolve a very small quantity of gold, forming gold(III) ions (Au 3+). The hydrochloric acid provides a ready supply of chloride ions (Cl −), which react with the gold ions to produce tetrachloroaurate(III) anions ([AuCl 4] −), also in solution. The reaction with hydrochloric acid is an ...
Hydrochloric acid is a strong inorganic acid that is used in many industrial processes such as refining metal. The application often determines the required product quality. [25] Hydrogen chloride, not hydrochloric acid, is used more widely in industrial organic chemistry, e.g. for vinyl chloride and dichloroethane. [8]
Specialised dishwashers can be used to automate these cleaning methods. Resistant residues may require more powerful cleaning methods. Base baths are commonly used for organic residues, although the strong alkaline conditions do slowly dissolve the glass itself, and concentrated hydrochloric acid is common for removing inorganic residues. [15]
Its reaction with hydrochloric acid to form boric acid is: Na 2 B 4 O 7 ·10H 2 O + 2 HCl → 4 H 3 BO 3 + 2 NaCl + 5 H 2 O. Borax is sufficiently stable to find use as a primary standard for acid-base titrimetry. [17]: p.316 Molten borax dissolves many metal oxides to form glasses.
Although hydrofluoric acid is regarded as a weak acid, it is very corrosive, even attacking glass when hydrated. [ 20 ] Dilute solutions are weakly acidic with an acid ionization constant K a = 6.6 × 10 −4 (or p K a = 3.18 ), [ 10 ] in contrast to corresponding solutions of the other hydrogen halides, which are strong acids ( p K a < 0 ).
Leptat glass is a glass that has been etched using a patented acid process. Leptat takes its name from the Czech word meaning "to etch", because the technique was inspired by a Bohemian, Czech Republic (former Czechoslovakian) glass exhibit viewed at a past World's Fair in Osaka, Japan, and patented in the United States by Bernard E. Gruenke ...
Hydrochloric acid is a common mineral acid typically used for concrete. Vinegar can also be used to clean hard surfaces and remove calcium deposits. Sulphuric acid is used in acidic drain cleaners to unblock clogged pipes by dissolving organic materials, like greases, proteins, and even carbohydrate-containing substances such as toilet tissue.