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When laws are enforced inconsistently, it can lead to arbitrary outcomes, favoritism, and unequal treatment under the law. Individuals from marginalized communities may face harsher penalties, while others escape accountability due to their social status or connections.
Second, feminist legal theory is dedicated to changing women's status through a rework of the law and its approach to gender. [1] [3] It is a critique of American law that was created to change the way women were treated and how judges had applied the law to keep women in the same position they had been in for years. The women who worked in ...
Eventually, most or all were amended, repealed, ruled unconstitutional (i.e., in violation of the US Constitution and thus invalid), or not enforced anymore because they singled women out for unequal treatment. (Laws in the US may not be enforced if they are unconstitutional or otherwise unauthorized in law.)
Though equality under the law is an American legal tradition arguably dating to the Declaration of Independence, [5] formal equality for many groups remained elusive. Before passage of the Reconstruction Amendments, which included the Equal Protection Clause, American law did not extend constitutional rights to black Americans. [6]
Cert. to the Supreme Court of Texas: Holding; Segregation as applied to the admissions processes for law school in the United States violates Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, because separate facilities in legal education are inherently unequal. Texas Supreme Court reversed. Court membership; Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson ...
In 2023, the Texas Legislature enacted House Bill 1181, [1] a law requiring age-verification on websites with more than a third of its content "harmful to minors", [2] by a broad bipartisan vote. [1] The Free Speech Coalition , a trade association for the pornography and adult entertainment industry, sued to challenge the law. [ 2 ]
The Center for American Women and Politics reports that, as of 2013, 18.3% of congressional seats are held by women and 23% of statewide elective offices are held by women; while the percentage of Congress made up of women has steadily increased, statewide elective positions held by women have decreased from their peak of 27.6% in 2001. Women ...
Case history; Prior: 608 F.2d 563 (vacated and remanded): Holding; In a Title VII discrimination claim, the ultimate burden of persuasion remains with the plaintiff throughout the trial; a shift to a defendant's burden is merely an intermediate evidentiary burden requiring the defendant to sustain only the burden of production, not the burden of persuasion.